thesis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to General Manager Dr. Avanesh Kumar, Quality Control Lab Incharge and Manager Mr. Mohd. Arif Ansari and Mr. Amit Kumar, Mr. Manish Kumar Working at Dayal Seed Pvt. Ltd. Delhi Road, Partapur (Meerut) for their constant help and support, complete involvement, invaluable guidance and encouragement led me to complete this project training and gain preliminary knowledge of Studies on effect of seed Priming on Germination and Vigour index in Rice, quality control system, research and management of time and resources.

It is a matter of great privilege to place on record my whole hearted gratitude, indebtedness and sincere thanks to Dr. S.S. Gaurav, Coordinator, & Dr. Deepak Bhauguna, Harish Bhati, Dr. Pardeep Panwar, Lecturer, Department of Seed Science & Technology, Ch. Charan Singh University Campus, (Meerut) for their valuable guidance, constant supervision, keen interest, motivation, ever willing constructive criticism, steady encouragement and noble advice, which became an impetus behind my efforts from the very conception to the end of this work.

I am also thankful to my classmates Sonu Sharma, Sachin kumar, Gaurav Choudhary, Nikhil Tyagi, Nitin kumar, Satendra Hoon, Deepak Hoon, Rahul kumar, for their moral support and making this project a wonderful experience.

Lastly I express my indebtedness to my parents, brother, sister and my all friends whose support, love and affection has been a source of encouragement which always motivates me to move ahead in life.

Date:

Place: (Sonu Sharma)

CONTENTS

S.NO. CHAPTER NAME PAGE No.

1- Introduction 1-4

2- Review of Literature 5-11

3- Material and Methods 12-15

4- Results and Discussion 16-27

Bibliography i-vi

Abbreviation Sequence of Seed Test

LIST OF TABLES

Table No	Title	After the page
1.	Seed moisture content of rice seed of 30 cv. Pusa Sugandh-5(2511) determined by indirect method (using moisture meter)	30
2.	Moisture content of rice seed of cv. Pusa Sugandh-5(2511) determined by direct method (using air oven method)	30
3.	Physical purity analysis of rice seed 30 (cv. Pusa Basmati- 1121)	30
4.	Evaluation of germination test in seed31 rice cv. Pusa Sugandh-5(2511)	31
5.	Evaluation of seed viability through TZ 33 test in rice cv. Pusa Basmati- 1121	33
6.	Minimum seed certification standards35 for rice (seed standards)	35

INTRODUCTION

Chapter-1

Rice is the Indian’s major cereal crop and approximately half of the human population consume rice as their daily staple food. Out of the total world paddy production of 412 million tones, India is expected to produce about 86.3 million tons in the year 2000-01 (Anonymous, 2002). However, India shared 21%rice production up to 104.32 MT in 2015- 2016 (Singh, 2017).The paddy seed contains a rough outer husk covering. The husk accounts for about 1/5 to 1/4 of weight of paddy. The inner kernel, called brown rice or dehusked rice, again contains some soft outer layers, jointly called bran. Bran accounts for 8 to 10% of the brown rice weight, including the small portion of germ amounts to 1 to 2% by weight located at one corner (Shankara and Bhattacharya, 1990).

Swidden and paddy rice cultivation are ancient and important land use systems in the tropics. However, current political, legal, and economic factors such as the prohibition of swidden cultivation, land reform, logging, large- scale land development, exclusionary conservation zoning, and resettlement have led to the replacement of swidden cultivation by other land use systems (Mertz et al, 2009).

In ad-dition, paddy rice cultivation is noted for its high productiv-ity and sustainability, ability to mitigate soil erosion, and its function as a water reservoir (Kadono and Yuma, 1995).

Rice is one of the most important food crop of India and 2nd of the world. It feeds more than 50% of the world population. It is the staple foodo most of the people of South-East Asia. Asia accounts for about 90% and 91% of world’s rice area and production, respectively. Among the rice growing countries, India having the largest area under rice in the world and in case of production it is next to China. However, productivity of India is much lower than that of Egypt, Japan, China, and

Vietnam, USA & Indonesia and also the average productivity of the world. It contributes 42% of total food grains production and 45% of the total cereal production in the country (Anonymous, 2009). During 2009-10, area, production and productivity figures indicated that rice was grown on 41.85 million hectares with production of 89.13

million tonnes and average yield of 2123 Kg per hectare (Anonymous, 2011)

The cost of making terraces and irri-gating excludes all but wealthy farmers from owning paddy ﬁelds (Ramakrishnan, 1992)

Rice and wheat are the major food crops of man. Rice is the staple food of more than half (54%) of human race against 34 % of wheat and 4 % of maize. The rice endosperm is highly digestible and nutritious although the protein content in relatively low (7.8%). It is primarily a high energy or high calorie food and provides more calories/ha than wheat or any other cereal. It is considered to be a significant agricultural crop in over 50 countries worldwide. In fact, rice provides 35-59 percent of the total food energy consumed by over 2.7 people (almost half the world's population).In an ever- growing international market, it is crucial that all of the products produced are of highest quality

Rice is the most important cereal crop for most of the people in Asia. Globally, rice stands second to wheat in terms of area and production. In India rice stands first in terms of area as well as production. The major rice growing states in India are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Orissa, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttaranchal.

Moisture content in paddy in the moment of harvest, paddy post harvest processing and other factors that influence on yield and quality of white rice are studied by many authors (Saeed and Mohammad, 2013, Akowuah, et al., 2012, Saeed and Mohammad, 2011, Thompson and Mutters, 2006, Thompson et al., 1990). Mainly, the variability of milling yield increases and its amount is reduced when the rice is harvest with lower moisture content. Harvest

below 20 % moisture content of grain increases the percentage of grain breakage of all varieties with short and medium grain. The various tests that are conducted in a seed testing laboratory to determine the seed quality include purity analysis, other distinguishablevarieties (O.D.V), germination test, seed viability and vigor tests, seed health and seed moisture analysis. Seed moisture analysis is conducted on a separate sample immediately after receipt in moisture proof packing. The average yield of white rice is about 62- 64% with 25-30% broken. Whereas disc type sellers yield 66-68% of white rice with 10-15 % broken The other distinguishable variety (ODV) concept came into existence with the revision of the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (Bhole and Sarkar, 1983).

At present ODV determination is essential in a number of seed crops for certification, including rice. There are about 100 rice varieties in the seed production programmer of the country, which are location specific. Some are recommended for rain fed conditions while others are for irrigated areas mainly it is cultivated in Kharif season, but in certain areas it is also cultivated during Rabi season.The availability of high quality breeder seed determines the success of entire seed production programmers. If the quality of breeder seed is not maintained during seed multiplication, the contaminants get multiplied several times in the succeeding generations. This increases the chance of rejection of foundation and certified seed lots (Sharma, 1987).

Therefore, in a breeder seed production programmer’s maintenance of seed quality is given prime importance.Seed is one of the most critical inputs for agriculture. A sustained increase in agricultural production and productivity has become dependent upon the development of new improved varieties and the supply of quality seed of such varieties to farmers. The quality with respect to physical purity of seed lot is considered superior, if the pure seed percentage is more than 98 %, and the other species seed and inert matter percentage are as low as possible. But there seems to be a wide gap in

the ideal and actual quality of seed. For example studies on rice seed samples collected from the farmers of Bhadra command area in Karnataka at the time of sowing revealed that only 56 percent of the seed samples were meeting Minimum Seed Certification Standards for physical purity (Rajendra Prasad et al., 1991).

Germination test is made to determine the germination potential o a seed lot, which can be used to compare the quality of different seed lots and estimate the field planting value (ISTA, 1996).The path analysis investigations in paddy indicated high direct effect of germination percentage followed by shoot length and seedling dry weight on the vigor index (Verma and Singh, 1979). Seedling establishment in the field is closely correlated with vigor index in the field (Yamauchi and Tunwin, 1996).

Seed health is an important factor affecting germination, vigor and plant performance. Seed health tests are extremely important in order to assure the maintenance of high quality germplasm, avoiding the conservation and dissemination of pathogens (Farad 1996) Reduction in grain weight increased with increase in degree of seed discoloration (Sinha, 1999).

During the year 1998 many samples of rice cv. pusa sugandh-5 (2511)were rejected for not conforming to the seed standards of ODV. Keeping the above in view, in the present study, seeds of rice cv. pusa sugandh-5 (2511)were subjected to quality testing. And following objective were chosen to work out.

1. Higher genetically purity.

2. Higher physical purity for certification.

3. Higher germination (90 to 35 % depending on the crop.

4. Higher physiological vigor and stamina.

5. Germination percentage, purity, vigor, and appearance are important to farmer planting crop. (seed Quality –vikaspedia)

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter-2

Rice grain quality affects the nutritional and commercial value of grains. Genotype and environment are the two main factors that influence rice quality. Grain quality, along with crop yield and resistance to pests and diseases, is an important criterion in most rice breeding programs especially in rice variety selection and development (Dela & Khush, 2000).Even though humanity's use of seeds dates back to prehistoric times, the art and science of seed testing have only developed in the last century. Until about 300 years ago, our knowledge concerning seed morphology and physiology was limited. As a result, it was possible for unscrupulous vendors to market seed of such crops as alfalfa with sweet clover seeds or other contaminants. Such practices become so widespread and such serious concern that laws were passed and seed testing procedures established. Berne, Switzerland was the first city to enact seed legislation prohibiting the sale of adulterated clover seed in 1816. The first seed testing laboratories are found in almost al! 50 states and in nearly every country in the world and May privately operated commercial laboratories are located in North America.

In 1921, third International Seed Testing Congress was held by the Seed Testing Association (ISTA, 1993). However, in 1924, the fourth International Seed Testing Congress had re-named ESTA as International Seed Testing Association (ISTA, 1999) and its primary objective was to develop, adopt and publish standard procedures for sampling and testing seeds and to promote uniformly in different seed testing laboratories. It also promotes research in all aspects of seed science and technology including sampling, testing, storage and distribution, it encourages seed certification, arranges conferences and training courses aimed to further these objectives and maintain liaisons with other organizations related to seed testing such as

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 2002). International Union for the Protection of Plant Varieties, European Plant Protection Organization, International Institute of Sugar beet Research, etc.

2.1 SEED TESTING IN INDIA

International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) was founded in 1924, with the aim to develop and publish standard procedures to upgrade accuracy and reproducibility in the seed testing results throughout the world and is linked with the history of seed testing with member laboratories in over 70 countries worldwide (Masilamani and Murugesan, 2012).

Even at the turn of 20h Century, it was realized that a new variety could degenerate and polluted in 4 to 5 years after its release to farmers if it was not properly maintained. This led to field verification of varieties and approved system of seed production which ultimately gave birth to the system of seed certification.

Designated as Central Seed Testing Laboratory (CSTL) and after various other seed testing laboratories were established. Now in India there are 102 seed testing laboratories (including Central Seed Testing Laboratory), out of which 61 laboratories are notified and 41 are non- notified. The annual capacity of seed testing in these laboratories is over 7 lakes of samples. Private seed companies also set up 17 seed testing laboratories in the country. Training programmers in seed testing are also arranged by NSC and ICAR with collaboration of FAO, Rockefeller Foundation. USAID [United States Agency for International Development] and UNICEF. A Hand book was prepared to educate the workers regarding sampling and testing. A seed testing manual was published by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India giving information regarding seed testing rules and methods of testing.

Seed testing is determining the standards of a seed lot viz., physical purity, moisture, germination and ODV and thereby enabling the farming

community to get quality seeds.The Seed Testing Laboratory is the hub of seed quality control. Seed testing services are required from time to time to gain information regarding planting value of seed lots. Seed testing is possible for all those who produce, sell and use seeds.

2.2 INDIAN SEED ACT

This, In India until mid 1960's there was no legislation governing the quality of seeds sold to farmers except in Jammu and Kashmir, where as act in respect of regulation for sale of vegetable seed was in force. Enactment on 29th December, 1966 and enforcement on 2nd October, 1969 of the Seed Act was an important development in this direction voluntary seed certification and compulsory labeling of the seed bags/containers which made provisions for notification of varietiesmust meet the prescribed minimum limits of purity and germination (Minimum Seed Certification Standards).

The responsibility of enforcing various provisions regarding regulation of sale of notified varieties was given to the seed inspector and penalties have been fixed for the offenders. The seed testing laboratory at IARI, New Delhi notified as CSTL.Coordinates the seed testing work in various state seed testing laboratories and maintains uniformity in test results among all seed testing laboratories in India. State seed testing laboratories are required to send 5 % sample to the CSTL along with their analysis result. In 1968 the seed rules were passed incorporating some amendments in the Seed Act, 1966 with special mention of responsibility of CSTL and qualification and duties of seed analysts.

2.3 SEED VIABILITY AND VIGOR TESTING

In the field of seed technology a number of research have tried to develop quick tests for determining seed viability and vigor. The pioneer work which has contributed to the development of tthe etrazolium (TZ) test of viability is briefly summarized.

2.4 NATIONAL SEEDS CORPORATION LTD. (NSC)

It was establishment in March, 1963 and started functioning from July, 1963 to promote the development of seed industry in India. NSO was responsible for the establishment of foundation and certified seed production programmers, arranging training programmes and played an important role in seed quality control in India. It also developed methods of seed testing and has its own seed testing laboratory. It also helped in formulating the Minimum Seed Certification Standards in 1971 and later for their revision.

Hasegawa(1933) suggested the use of selenium and tellurium salts but seeds remain colorless. Lakon (1942) first used selenium based staining procedure but later developed topographical detection of viability by tetrazolium method.

Burris et al. (1969) reported positive correlation between tetrazolium staining with seed quality and subsequent seedlings vigour in naturally and artificially aged soybean seeds. Grebe (1970) edited tetrazolium Testing Handbook" for agricultural seeds prepared by the tetrazolium testing committee of the Association of Official Seed Analysts (AOSA,1970) Agawamet al. (1974) reported positive correlation between germination percentage and viability ( % ) determined by TZ test. Moore (1985) edited the Hand book on "Tetrazolium testing" for International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), Das and Mandi Sen (1992) studies triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining pattern of different aged wheat seed embryos.

History of seed health test:-

The All India Coordinated Research Project on Seed-Borne Disease was started by I.C.A.R. in 1980. The Danish Government also agreed to help Government of India in creating facilities at I.A.R.I., New Delhi, to organize training in seed pathology under the Indo-Danish Project for research and training in seed pathology.

The first Seed Health Testing Laboratory was set-up in 1918 at the Govt. Seed Testing Station, Wageningen, and the Netherlands. In 1919 Lucie Doyer was appointed as mycologist in this laboratory to study the fungi associated with seeds in the lots tested at the Seed Testing Station. In 1920, Leningrad Plant Protection Station was established in Russia to study the organisms which are associated with seeds obtained from other countries. In 1923, Dorogin published a scheme for the identification of seed-borne fungi recorded in Russia. In 1931, Orton published a list of seed-borne fungi recorded in U.S.A. n 1931. Mrs. Alcock from the Official Seed Testing Station, Edinburgh published the work on the investigation of seed-born fungi in Scotland. In 1938, Doyer published Manual for the determination of seed- borne disease'. This became an important published work for methods, identification and related studies.

International Plant Protection Convention was organized in Rome to set-up a network of regional plant protection organizations to 1951 at take care of regional quarantine problems

In 1954, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO) came into existence. The first meeting of the working party was held in Paris were representative of EPPO, some scientists from member countries and some seed pathologists representing ISTA participated. The dangers of seed-borne disease and practical approaches to the problems of international safeguard were discussed. In 1957, The Plant Disease Committee (PDC) of ISTA was established. The main objective of the committee was to develop and standardize simple methods for international application. The first workshop of PDC was held at the Seed Testing Station, Cambridge in 1958. The basic principle of comparative seed health testing is the distribution of referee seed samples to a number of seed pathologists working independently, and organizing workshops for comparing the results. First edition of a noted list of seed-borne disease was published by Mary Nobel, de Tempe and Paul Neergaurd.

Work on seed pathology was taken up at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi in 1958 as a section in Mycology and Plant Pathology Division.

Unnamalai et al, (1986) developed some sensitive methods for dthe etection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Bacteriophage isolation and a direct immunofluorescent technique were used to detect the pathogen in rice seed. Direct immunofluorescence was the most sensitive technique, enabling the detection of 102 cfu. ml. Only seeds collected in the dry season were free of the pathogen.

MATERIAL AND MTHODS

Chapter-3

3.1 SEED

The foundation seed of notified paddy cultivar Pusa Basmati 1 cwas ollected from testing at Dayal Seed PVT. LTD Partapur (Meerut) was used for the present study, conducted during April – May, 2018.

3.2 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CULTIVAR

i) Crop : Paddy ( Oryza sativa L.)

ii) Varity : Pusa Sugandh- 5 (2511)

iii) State : Uttar Pradesh

iv) Parentage with details of : IET 10364 is from the of pusa Its pedigree 150/Karnal Local

v) Recommended Economy : Irrigated (Transplanted)

vi) Descriptors

Pant height (em) : Extra long grains 65-70 cms.
Morphological: medium tillering non-loding, short characters narrow leaves, long panicle, long superfine aromatic Grain with straw color Hull grains distinctly Awned white kernel.
Distinguishing: Extra long
Maturity: Flowering -100 days, seed to seed 135 days
Maturity group: 135 days
The reaction of major: Brown Sport disease

(www.rkmp.on.in PS-2511)

3.3 MOISTURE ANALYSIS-Sample submitted in moisture proof bag was used to assess the seed moisture percentage by direct and indirect method

(a) Direct method: In this method, the moisture content of the seed was determined by the loss in weight during drying in the air oven. Working sample of paddy for moisture analysis is 5 g. (agrawal, Rattan lal)

3.4 APPARATUS

- Hot Air Oven with ta emperature range of 40°C-200C having the sensitivity of t 2oC

- Electronic balance (to weigh samples in grams upto three decimal places)

- Grinding mill

- Desiccators with silica gel (indicator type) or any other desiccant

- Moisture analysis containers with lids

- Stainless steel tangs

- Electronic timer with alarm

1) Method: Each empty container including its cover was weighed (Mi). The working sample was ground and then evenly distributed over the bottom of the container. The weight of cthe ontainer with lid along with sthe ample was taken (M). Then containers were placed in the oven, which is already heated to the prescribed drying temperature 1of 30-133 C and dried for 2 hours. After this, the container was taken out of the oven and allowed to cool for 30 minutes in desiccators and then weighted (M,). The moisture content was calculated to one decimal place by the following formula.

Where,

M	=	Seed moisture content
M1	=	Weight of the empty container with its cove
M2	=	Weight of the container with its cover and
M3	=	Seed sample before drying Weight of the container with its cover and seed

sample after drying (agrawal, Rattan lal seed technology)

2) Indirect method: In this method there is no direct measurement of loss in weight but some physical characteristics of the water present inside the seed are measured. The seed moisture is measured by electric conductivity of the seed. The use of moisture meter is a very convenient and rapid way for determining seed moisture content but the result will not be very accurate. Steinlite moisture tester was used which is of dielectric type where the seed moisture was determined by their electric conductivity, because moisture content is directly proportional to the resistance dielectric constant.

3.5 PHYSICAL PURITY ANALYSI-Physical purity was done by visual examination of seed sample. Working sample for rice is 40g while the submitted sample for paddy is 400g. (agrawal, Rattan lal )

3.6 APPARATUS

- Set of sieves

- Seed blowers

- Magnifiers

- Forceps

-Spatula

- Weighing balance of various capacity (0.0001 gm to 1000 gms). Sample pans

- Purity analysis dishes

-Purity work boards

- Set of seed herbarium

- Seed photographs of different weeds including objectionable weeds

3.7 METHOD

The working sample was separated into various components viz., pure seed, other crop seeds, weed seeds and inert matter by individual seed examination. The separated components are collected in the purity analysis dishes and the weighing of each component is done and percentage was calculated and recorded upto one decimal place as per ISTA rules 1991.

3.8 GERMINATION TESTING

Germination test was conducted by B.P. (between papers) method with three replications of 100 seeds each. The sample was taken from the pure seed fraction after purity test. The seed are arranged on the moist paper towel and covered with another moist paper towel and rolled carefully and a rubber band was applied. The sample laboratory test number and replicate number were written with making pencil on each replicate. Then they were kept in a germinator at 20-30'C. After 5 days, sample replicates were taken out for evaluation and counting and the final count on germination was taken after 7 days. If the results were different between replicates then the test is to be repeated. Result is reported in percentage.

3.9 VIABILITY TEST (TZ TEST)

The germination testing does not always provide the accurate assessment of the plant producing capability of a seed lot. So tetrazolium test was proposed for quick and reliable method for determining seed viability. Seed viability can be defined as "the capacity of a seed to germinate under favorable conditions in the absence of dormancy" (Copeland and McDonald, 1985). The principle of TZ test is based on the response of all living cells of

the seed which can reduce a colorless solution of 2.3.5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) into a red coloured formazan by accepting hydrogen from dehydrogenises (enzymes).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chapter-4

4.1 MOISTURE TEST

The moisture content of paddy seed of cultivar Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) determined by indirect method i.e.Moisture meter method was found to range from 10.27 % in lot m to 10.47 % in lot II (Table-4.1).From each seed lot, 2 replicates were used for moisture determination and there was not much difference between replicates of the same seed lot in moisture content

Table-4.1Seed moisture content of paddy seed of ev. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) Determined by indirect method (using moisture meter).

	Lot I		Lot II		Lot III
	R1	R2	R1	R2	R1	R2
Meter Reading	33	35	32	30	35	38
Reading on selector button ‘B’	10.60	10.75	10.90	10.85	10.60	10.67
Temperature correction factor at 86⁰F	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Seed moisture content (%)	10.20	10.35	10.50	10.45	10.20	10.27
Average seed moisture (%)	10.27		10.47		10.2

Seed moisture content of paddy determined by air oven method was found to range from. 8.0 % (lotno.1) to 8.6 % (lotno. III) (Table-4.2).The difference in moisture percent in the two replicates of the same lot is not much (Table- 4.2). The results on seed moisture content (determined by both direct and

indirect methods) indicate that there is no need for further drying of the seed as the values are well below the prescribed minimum seed certification standard of 13 % (

Table-4.2 Moisture content of paddy seed of ev. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) Determined by direct method (using moisture meter).

	Lot I		Lot II		Lot III
	R1	R2	R1	R2	R1	R2
Weight of empty bottle (M),(g)	30.910	22.52 7	24.665	32.85 0	30.193	25.36 7
Weight of bottle + Sample (M2)	35.920	27.11 8	29.649	37.81 3	34.925	30.02 2
Weight after drying (M3) (g)	35.510	26.76 0	29.210	37.39 2	34.505	29.62 4
Loss in weight ( M2-M3) (g)	0.410	0.358	0.439	0.419	0.420	0.398
Original sample weight ( M-M2) (g)	5.01	4.591	4.984	4.962	4.732	4.655
Moisture content (M) (%)	8.2	7.8	8.8	8.4	8.8	8.5
	8.0		8.7		8.6

4.2 PHYSICAL PURITY TEST

The data on physical purity analysis conducted on rice seed of cultivar Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) are presented in (Table-4.3).The results indicate that the physical purity of the rice seed lots is very high (> 99 %) with the pure seed component ranging from 98.50 % in lot II to 99.5 % in lot I. The inert matter was found to occur in minute quantities (less than 1 %) in the form of chaff, unfilled grains, broken seeds, soil particles and dust.

Table-4.3Physical purity analysis of paddy seed (ev. Pusa sugandh-5(2511))

	Lot I		Lot II		Lot III
	we(g)	%	wt(g)	%	wt(g)	%
Pure seed	39.70	98.25	39.8	99.5	39.73	99.3
Other Crop seed	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Weed seed	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inert matter	0.30	1.75	0.2	0.5	0.27	0.7
Total of all components	40	100	40	100	40	100
Determination by no. (per 1000)
(a) Other Crop seed	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
(b) Weed seed	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
(c) Other objectionable weed seed	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kind of inert matter	Dust, broken seed, chaffy particles, and husk

Other crop seed and weed seed were not found in any seed sample of the rice cultivar Pusa sugandh-5 (2511)

4.3 GERMINATION PERCENTAGE

The replication wise details of normal and abnormal seedlings, dead and fresh ungerminated seed observed during evaluation of germination test on seeds of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) were recorded in the seed analysis card. The result of germination test was calculated as the average of the replicates and was expressed as percentage by number of normal seedling (Table 4). The germination value was rounded off to the nearest whole number. The percentage of hard, fresh ungerminated and dead seeds was also calculated in the same manner. During counting, seedling is classified into normal and abnormal categories, while ungerminated seeds and classified into dead, hard and fresh ungerminated as described below.

a. Normal seedlings: Seedling which shows the capacity for continued development into mature plant when grown under favorable conditions and having well developed root and shoot system. The percent normal seedlings in all the three seed lots was more than 91 (Table-4.4).

b. Abnormal seedlings: Seedling with any abnormality in its root or shoot or both, thus which do not have the capacity to develop into a normal plant when grown. The percent abnormal seedlings was found to range between 3 and 5

c. Hard seeds: Seeds, which remain hard at the end of the prescribed test period because of non-absorption of moisture by sa eed coat. Usually ,hard seed are found in Malvaceae and leguminous crops. No hard seeds were found here.

d. Fresh ungerminated seed: Seed other than hard seeds, which remain fresh and apparently viable, even at the end of the test

period. This category of seeds were also not recorded in the present study

e. Dead seeds: Seeds, which at the end of the test period are neither hard nor fresh but become soft and not produced seedling, are classified as dead seeds. Dead seeds often show the symptoms of decaying and fungal growth which can be felt by pressing the seed under test. Around 3 % of the tested paddy seed were found to be dead (Table-4.5).

4.4 SEED VIABILITY ANALYSIS

Viability of the seeds of paddy ev. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) was analysed through TZ test. After the completion of staining, the stained seeds were kept moist to prevent the seeds from drying out and were examined with a magnifying hand lens. The seed were left in the staining dish and separation is done by spear-pointed needle, teasing needle or forceps. The viability of seed from all the three lots of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) was found to be above 93 %. The seeds which are fully stained along with those partially stained in which the essential portions of the embryo are stained are considered as viable while those seed which are completely unstained or those in which the essentialportions of the embryo are not stained as non-viable.

4.5 SEED HEALTH ANALYSIS

Inspection of dthe ry seed of paddy ev. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) for the presence of bunt (Neovossia horida) revealed the presence of bunt infection in about 0.1 % seed.

4.5 OTHER DISTINGUISHABLE VARIETIES (ODV) SEED

Whole of the submitted sample was screened for the seed character variants as per the procedure given by each seed wand as examined under magnification for seed characters for verification and none of the variants were found in paddy (Pusa sugandh-5(2511). In the sample tested, 6 light baff and 2 black hilum colour seeds were found. (Verma et al., 1990)

Table-4.4Evaluation of germination test in seeds of paddy cv. Pusa Sugadh- 5(2511) Temperature 25-30C, Substratum: Paper Treatment: Soak in water for 24 hours, Seeds X Replicates: 100 x 3

Category	Lot I				Lot II				Lot III
Category	R1	R2	R3	%	R1	R2	R3	%	R1	R2	R3	%
Normal seedlings	95	92	99	95	95	99	94	96	91	95	94	93
Abnormal seedlings	2	4	1	2	2	1	1	3	2	3	4	3
Fresh Ungeminated seeds	0.0	0.0	0.0.	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0. 0	0.0	0.0
Dead seeds	3	4	0	2	3	0	3	2	7	2	2	3
Germination (%)	95				96				93

Table–4.5Evaluation of seed viability through TZ tet in paddy cv. Pusa Sugandh-5(2511)

Category	Lot I		Lot II		Lot III
Category	R1	R2	R1	R2	R1	R2
Total seeds analyzed	100	100	100	100	100	100
Stained seed	98	97	95	95	96	92
Unastanet seed	5	7	6	4	6	3
Viable (%)	94	95	96	94	93	96
Average seed viability (T)	94		94		93

The present study on seed testing of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5(2511) was conducted from testing at Dayal Seed Pvt. Ltd. Partapur (Meerut) to know the planting value of the seed lots. Various tests conducted for this purpose include moisture analysis, germination analysis, physical purity analysis, seed viability, and seed health analysis.

Seed testing is determining the standards of a seed lot viz., physical purity, moisture, germination, and ODV and thereby enabling the farming community to get quality seeds. The Seed Testing Laboratory is the hub of seed quality control. Seed testing services are required from time to time to gain information regarding the planting value of seed lots. Seed testing is possible for all those who produce, sell and use seeds. (http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/seed/Seed_seedtesting.html)

(Anonymous, 1985). As per the Seed Act 1966, every seed should conform to the minimum Seed Certification Standards before marketing and must be as prescribed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India The prescribed Minimum Seed Certification standards for paddy are given in (Table-4.6).

FS: Foundation seed, CS: Certified seed Moisture content:-

The moisture content of seeds is one of the most important factors influencing their retention of viability and general appearance. It is important to know the moisture content immediately after harvest, prior to storage or shipment. Moisture in seeds has a strong influence on the length of time they remain viable. The moisture content of the seed determines certain decision-making policies such as processing drying treating, storage, and marketing of the seeds. Seed of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) has a safe moisture content of <90% by the hot air oven method and around 10.5% by the moisture meter method indicating that there is no need for further drying of the seed.

4.2 PHYSICAL PURITY

The pure seed component of the entire sample was collected and analyzed from the three seed lots of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) was much more than the prescribed standard of 98%. Further, no seeds belonging to other crops, weeds, and objectionable weeds have been recorded in the seed samples of the crop. The data also indicate that the seed lots also conform to the prescribed seed standards with respect to diseased (bunt) seed, and inert matter, and hence, the seed lots can be recommended for certification for this parameter (Sahooat al., 1989).

Table-4.6 Minimum Seed Certification Standards for Paddy Seed |Paddy

Sr.No.	Seed (Paddy)	FS	CS
1.	Pure seed (Min.)%	98	98
2.	Inert matter (Max.)%	2	2
3.	Huskless seeds (Max.)	2	2
4.	Other crop seed (Max.) per Kg seed	10	20
5.	Other distinguishable variety seed (Max.)per Kg seed	10	20
6.	Total weed seed (max.) per kg seed	10	20
7.	Objectionable weed seed (Max.) per Kg seed	2	5
8.	Seed-borne disease (By No.) Paddy bunt (Neovossia horida)	0.1	0.5
9.	Germination (Min.)%	80	80
10.	Moisture (Max)%	13	13
11.	Insect damage (%) by weight	0.5	0.5

4.3 GERMINATION ANALYSIS

The germination in the paddy samples analyzed was very high (>91%) compared to the prescribed standard of 80% Fresh ungerminated seeds were not found while abnormal seedlings and dead seeds occurred in small quantities. Therefore, the seed from all three lots is of a high-quality standard. studied germination percentage in 21 cultivars of rice and observed

positive and significant correlation with root length of 14 days-old seedlings. (Verma and Singh, 1979).

In the first germination test, lots varied between 92 and 95%, complying with the commercial standard of rice seeds, which is currently 80% (MAPA, 2013).

4.4 VIABILITY ANALYSIS (TZ TEST)

For a species, the basic need of certain minimum environmental conditions and time required for germination test has necessitated the search for a quick and effective test to predict seed viability, which helps in the timely processing and marketing of the seed. This has become more relevant in the fast-expanding seed trade and marketing of costly seeds. Hence, the tetrazolium test is the outcome of the efforts to search for a quick and reliable method of determining seed viability. The viability of seed from all three lots of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) was found to be above 90%, thereby indicating that the seed is of high quality. Reduction of 2, 3, and 5 triphenyl tetrazolium chloride into formazan.(Lombardi Bot,1997). The choice of TZ salt concentration and the incubation time of seeds must be done considering the easiness of differentiating viable and unviable seeds, and the possibility of better visualization of tissue color disorders. Effective methodologies, using tetrazolium solution in low concentrations, are important to optimize the application of financial resources from the laboratories and to allow analyzing the widest range of samples with the lowest cost (Silva et al., 2013).

The reduction of the chemical takes place in the seed by the action of a group of enzymes known as dehydrogenizes. These enzymes are involved in H-ions transfer during the respiratory activity of biological systems. Since the reaction takes place within the respiring (living) cells and the formazan is non-diffusible, a clear topography of living and non-living tissues within the seed can be developed by following proper procedure. The test is also designated as the topographical tetrazolium test (TTZ test). (Roberts et al, 1991)

Accurate interpretation of the tetrazolium test is dependent upon:

1. Knowledge of seed and seedling structures and germination.

2. Understanding the mechanism of the test and its limitation.

3. Combining interpretation of staining patterns with other visible aspects of seed quality

4. Experience with making comparative germination tests.

4.5 SEED HEALTH

Seed health is an important factor affecting germination, vigour, and plant performance. Seed health test has been recommended as essential for paddy along with wheat, sorghum, and bajra(ISTA, 1999).The seed samples of rice cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) showed less than 0.1 % seed being infected by the bunt of paddy (Neovossia horrida), and it was not more than the prescribed standard 0.1%. The seed sample did not show damage by any insects. Thus, the seed of cv. Pusa Sugandh-5(2511)is healthy and free of any seed-borne insects. The Present study on seed testing of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5(2511) was conducted in from testing at Dayal Seed Pvt. Ltd. Partapur (Meerut)

Rice grain quality characteristics such as physical (hulling, length and breadth (L/B), grain classification, chalkiness, chalk index), chemical (alkali spreading value (ASV), amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC), aroma), cooking (volume expansion, elongation ratio (ER), water uptake) and organoleptic-tests based on consumer preferences like appearance, cohesiveness, tenderness on touching, chewing, taste, aroma, elongation and overall acceptability were studied for fourteen aromatic rice varieties. The higher hulling percentage was recorded in ‘Ek-Kadi’ (82.46%) and ‘Ghansal’ (80.96%). The Length/Breadth (L/B) ratio among the varieties ranged from 2.08-4.85. No chalkiness was recorded in ‘Ghansal’, ‘Kotimirsal’ and ‘Pusa sugandh-2’. Among the varieties examined AC ranged from 17.26- 27.69%. The highest GC was recorded in ‘Ghansal’ and the lowest in ‘Pusa Basmati-1’. Kernel length after cooking (KLAC) ranged from 2.31-5.88 mm. The water uptake ratio ranged from 250-350. Organoleptic-test revealed that

the varieties ‘Basmati local’, ‘Jiresal’, ‘Kotimirsal’, ‘Pusa Basmati-1’, ‘Pusa Sugandh-2’, ‘Pusa Sugandh-3’, ‘Pusa Sugandh-5', ‘Kasturi’ and ‘Vasumati’ were with excellent grain quality characteristics, preference and overall acceptability.

SUMMARY

The seed samples of paddy cv. Pusa sugandh-5 (2511) (from three different seed lots) received at the Central Seed Testing Laboratory, I.A.R.I., and New Delhi were subjected to quality testing to check its planting value and quality standards.

The analysis result of paddy samples subjected to different tests is summarized below:

The moisture content of the paddy was around 10.5% by moisture meter method (indirect method) and <9% by air oven method (direct method) which is less than the prescribed standard of 13% for the certified seed of paddy.
The physical purity was very high i.e.>99%. Other crop seeds and weed seeds were not found while the inter matter was >1%, in the form of chaffy particles, husk, awns, dust and soil particles, etc.
The germination percentage was also high ie. >91% as against the prescribed germination standard of 80%.
Viability percentage was also higher i.e. 91%
The percentage of seeds affected by bunt was also within the limits of the prescribed certification standards.
Therefore, the seed samples of paddy cv. Pusa Sugandh- 5(2511) reveals high quality with high germination, viability, physical purity, and health and conforms to the prescribed seed standards i.e. Minimum Seed Certification Standards.

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ABBREVIATION

BP - Between Papers

cm - Centimeter

cv - Cultivar

CVS - Cultivars

g - Gram

h - Hour

ISTA - International Seed Testing Association

M - Meter

MSCS - Minimum Seed Certification Standards CSTL - Central Seed Testing Laboratory

RH - Relative Humidity

% - Other

ODV - Distinguished Variety

m.sc thesis pdf, m.sc | thesis format seed | STUDIES ON QUALITY CONTROL OF DIFFERENT LOTS OF PADDY CULTIVER Y PUSA SUGAND- 5(2511) (Oryza sativa L.)